Standardisation and innovation

The paper discusses the relations that exist between standards on the one hand, and innovation and implementation on the other. We will argue that these activities must not be considered separately, especially since standards-based components are going to play an increasingly important role in implementation processes

Emerging Smart Technologies and the European Standardisation System

The standardisation of smart applications and the underlying smart communication infrastructure represent new challenges for European standardisation. This paper identifies and discusses a number of policy issues that the European Standardisation System (ESS) faces or is likely to face in the not-too-distant future. A number of potential steps that the ESS could take to help resolve these issues are sketched

On Multi-Disciplinary Standardisation – The Case of Spatial Data on the Web

With the emergence of smart applications multi-disciplinarity is becoming an issue in standards setting, as is the need to involve a broader range of stakeholders in the process. One approach to accommodate these needs is the creation of dedicated multi-disciplinary Working Groups (WGs). Following some theoretical deliberations about today’s standardisation environment in general and the need for multi-disciplinarity in standardisation we present a case study of one such joint multi-disciplinary WG. It turns out that this joint WG is seen as both necessary and helpful by those involved. It also turns out the broader organisational setting needs to be adapted to better address the needs of such joint WGs

Mdm31 and Mdm32 are inner membrane proteins required for maintenance of mitochondrial shape and stability of mitochondrial DNA nucleoids in yeast

The MDM31 and MDM32 genes are required for normal distribution and morphology of mitochondria in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They encode two related proteins located in distinct protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Cells lacking Mdm31 and Mdm32 harbor giant spherical mitochondria with highly aberrant internal structure. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is instable in the mutants, mtDNA nucleoids are disorganized, and their association with Mmm1-containing complexes in the outer membrane is abolished. Mutant mitochondria are largely immotile, resulting in a mitochondrial inheritance defect. Deletion of either one of the MDM31 and MDM32 genes is synthetically lethal with deletion of either one of the MMM1, MMM2, MDM10, and MDM12 genes, which encode outer membrane proteins involved in mitochondrial morphogenesis and mtDNA inheritance. We propose that Mdm31 and Mdm32 cooperate with Mmm1, Mmm2, Mdm10, and Mdm12 in maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and mtDNA